![]() ![]() Evidence of disease or injury (trauma) in a skeleton can help identify the deceased. If in addition to your textbook, you have access to individual bones or an articulated skeleton in a laboratory setting, frequent reference to chapter illustrations and tabular material will prove immensely helpful in your study efforts.Many things can leave marks on or in bones. The illustrations and tables contained in this chapter were carefully selected and compiled to assist you in visualizing and organizing the material discussed. Oblong, raised bump, usually for muscle attachment also called a tuber, a small tuberosity is called a tubercleĪ picture is worth a thousand words. Large bump for muscle attachment (larger than a tubercle or tuberosity) Groove or elongated depression pl., sulci) Similar to a crest but raised more a sharp, pointed process for muscle attachment Tubelike opening or channel (pl., meatus or meatuses)Ī narrowed portion, usually at the base of a headĪ V-like depression in the margin or edge of a flat areaĬurved portion of a bone, like a ram’s horn pl., rami) Similar to a crest but not raised as much (is often rather faint)Įdge of a flat bone or flat portion of the edge of a flat area Round hole for vessels and nerves pl., foramina)ĭepression often receives an articulating bone (pl., fossae)ĭistinct epiphysis on a long bone, separated from the shaft by a narrowed portion (or neck) ![]() ![]() Long, cracklike hole for blood vessels and nerves Moderately raised ridge generally a site for muscle attachmentīump near a condyle often gives the appearance of a “bump on a bump” for muscle attachmentįlat surface that forms a joint with another facet or flat bone Rounded bump usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint Bones of the appendicular skeleton form the appendages to the axial skeleton: the shoulder girdles, arms, wrists, and hands and the hip girdles, legs, ankles, and feet. The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones-more than half again as many as in the axial skeleton. This includes 74 bones that form the upright axis of the body and 6 tiny middle ear bones. The human skeleton consists of two main divisions-the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton ( Figure 9-1). ![]() Chapter 10 explores articulations-that is, how the bones form joints. In Chapter 8 the basic types of skeletal tissue, including bone and cartilage, were discussed providing the background for study in this chapter of individual bones and their interrelationships in the skeleton. Variations in the total number of bones in the body occur as a result of certain anomalies, such as extra ribs, or from failure of certain small bones to fuse in the course of development. The adult skeleton is composed of 206 named bones. Coordinated movement, for example, is possible only because of the way bones are joined in joints and the way muscles are attached to those bones. Understanding the relationship of bones to each other and to other body structures provides a basis for understanding the function of many other organ systems. The rigid bones lie buried within soft tissues, providing support and shape to the body. J ust as skeletal tissues are organized to form bones, the bones are organized or grouped to form the skeletal system. ![]()
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